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Atropa belladonna
''Atropa belladonna'' or ''Atropa bella-donna'', commonly known as belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the tomato family Solanaceae, native to Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, and some parts of Canada and the United States. The foliage and berries are extremely toxic, containing tropane alkaloids. These toxins include atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which cause a bizarre delirium and hallucinations, and are also used as pharmaceutical anticholinergics.
It has a long history of use as a medicine, cosmetic, and poison. Before the Middle Ages, it was used as an anesthetic for surgery; the ancient Romans used it as a poison (the wife of Emperor Augustus and the wife of Claudius both were rumored to have used it for murder); and, predating this, it was used to make poison-tipped arrows. The genus name ''Atropa'' comes from Atropos, one of the three Fates in Greek mythology, and the name "bella donna" is derived from Italian and means "pretty woman" because the herb was used in eye-drops by women to dilate the pupils of the eyes to make them appear seductive.
== Description ==
''Atropa belladonna'' is a branching herbaceous perennial, often growing as a subshrub, from a fleshy rootstock. Plants grow to tall with ovate leaves long. The bell-shaped flowers are purple with green tinges and faintly scented. The fruits are berries, which are green, ripening to a shiny-black, and approximately in diameter. The berries are sweet and are consumed by animals (see ''Toxicity'') that disperse the seeds in their droppings, even though the seeds contain toxic alkaloids. There is a pale-yellow flowering form called ''Atropa belladonna'' var. ''lutea'' with pale-yellow fruit.
''Atropa belladona'' is rarely used in gardens, but, when grown, it is usually for its large upright habit and showy berries. It is naturalized in parts of North America, where it is often found in shady, moist locations with limestone-rich soils. It is considered a weed species in parts of the world, where it colonizes areas with disturbed soils. Germination of the small seeds is often difficult, due to hard seed coats that cause seed dormancy. Germination takes several weeks under alternating temperature conditions, but can be sped up with the use of gibberellic acid. The seedlings need sterile soil to prevent damping off and resent root disturbance during transplanting. This plant is a sign of water nearby.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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